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Aligarh
Aligarh , Hindi: अलीगढ़,
Urdu: ﻋﻠﯽ ﮔﮍﮪ ) is a city in
Aligarh Districtin the
northern Indian state of
Uttar Pradesh. The city is
located about 90 miles (140
km) southeast of New Delhi.
It is the administrative
headquarters of Aligarh
District, Aligarh Police Range
and Aligarh Division, and
has a population of half a
million. It is mostly known
as a university town where
the famous Aligarh Muslim
University is located. The
Aligarh division
includes Aligarh, Etah,
Hathras, and Kanshi Ram
Nagar districts. Aligarh has
one of the best educational
institutes in India. It is
popularly known as the
'Mecca of Education'.
History:-
Aligarh was known by the
earlier name of Kol or Koil
before the 18th century. The
name Kol covered not only
the city but the entire
district, though its
geographical limits kept
changing from time to time.
The origin of the name is
obscure. In some ancient
texts, Kol has been referred
to in the sense of a tribe or
caste, name of a place or
mountain and name of a
sage or demon. From the
study of the place-names of
the district, it appears that
the district was once fairly
well covered by forest,
thickets and groves. The
early history of the district,
through the 12th century AD
is obscure. According to
Edwin T. Atkinson, the name
Kol was given to the city by
Balarama, who slew here the
great Asura (demon) Kol and
with the assistance of the
Ahirs subdued this part of
the Doab. In another
account, Atkinson points out
a "legend" that Kol was
founded by the Dor tribe of
Rajputs in 372 AD. This
could be further confirmed
by an old fort, the Dor
fortress, now in ruins, which
lies at the city's centre.
Some time before the
Muslim invasion, Kol was
held by the Dor Rajputs and
in the time of Mahmud of
Ghazni the chief of the Dors
was Hardatta of Baran.
There is reason to believe
that Kol was once the seat
of a Buddhist community as
statues of Buddha and other
Buddhist remains have been
found in excavations made
in the eminence on which
the citadel of Koil stood. It
also had Hindu remains
indicating that in all
probability the citadel
contained in succession a
Buddhist and a Hindu
temple.
In 1194 AD, Qutb-ud-din
Aybak marched from Delhi
to Koil which was "one of
the most celebrated
fortresses of Hind". Qutb-
ud-din Aybak appointed
Hisam-ud-din Ulbak as the
first Muslim governor of
Koil.
Koil is also mentioned in
Ibn Battuta's Rihla, when
Ibn Battuta along with 15
ambassadors representing
Ukhaantu Khan, the Mongol
Emperor of the Yuan
dynasty in China, traveled to
Koil city en route to the
coast at Cambay (in Gujarat)
in 1341. According to Ibn
Battuta, it would appear that
the district was then in a
very disturbed state since
the escort of the Emperor's
embassy had to assist in
relieving Jalali from an
attacking body of Hindus
and lost one of their officers
in the fight. Ibn Batuta calls
Koil "a fine town surrounded
by mango groves". From
these same groves the
environs of Koil would
appear to have acquired the
name of Sabzabad or "the
green country".
In the reign of Akbar, Koil
was made a Sirkar and
included the dasturs of
Marahra, Kol ba Haveli,
Thana Farida and
Akbarabad.[2] Both
Akbarand Jahangir visited
Kol on hunting expeditions.
Jahangir clearly mentions
the forest of Kol, where he
killed wolves.
During the time of Ibrahim
Lodhi, Muhammad, son of
Umar was the governor of
Kol, built a fort at Kol and
named the city after his own
name as Muhammadgarh in
1524-25; and Sabit Khan
who was the governor of
this region during the time
of Farrukh Siyar and
Muhammad Shah, rebuilt
the old Lodi fort and named
the town after his own name
Sabitgarh. The ruler of Koil
was Bargujar King Rao
Bahadur Singh whose
ancestors ruled it from AD
1184 after the marriage of
Raja of Koil Ajit Singh's
daughter to Raja Pratp Singh
Bargujar. In early 1753, the
Bargujar Chief rose against
the destruction of Hindu
temples. The Jat ruler
Surajmal in 1753, with
patronage from Jai Singh of
Jaipur and the Muslim army
occupied the fort of Koil,
the Bargujar Raja Bahadur
Singh continued the battle
from another fort under
them and died fighting in
what is known as the "Battle
of Ghasera". All the women
committed Jauhar. It was re-
named Ramgarh and finally,
when a Shia
commander,Najaf Khan,
captured Kol, he gave it its
present name of Aligarh.
Aligarh Fort (also called
Aligarh Qila), as it stands
today, was built by French
engineers under the control
of French officers Benoît de
Boigne and Perron.
Establishment of Aligarh
Muslim University (1875)
In 1875, Sir Syed Ahmed
Khan founded the
Muhammadan Anglo
Oriental College
in Aligarh and patterned the
college after Oxford and
Cambridge universities that
he had visited on a trip to
England. This later
becameAligarh Muslim
University in 1920.
Geography:-
Aligarh is located at 27.88°N
78.08°E.[5] It has an
average elevation of 178
metres (587 feet). The city is
situated in the middle
portion ofDoab, or the land
between the Ganges and
Yamuna Rivers. The Grand
Trunk Road passes through
the city.
Climate
Aligarh
Climate chart
(explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
15
21
7
14
24
9
7
30
14
5
37
20
13
40
25
48
39
27
230
34
26
235
32
25
144
33
24
48
32
19
2
28
12
7
22
8
average max. and min.
temperatures in °C
precipitation totals in mm
source: IMD
[show]Imperial conversion
Description
Demographics
As of the census of 2001,
Aligarh had a population of
667,732. Males constitute
53% of the population and
females 47%. Aligarh has an
average literacy rate of 71%,
higher than the national
average of 65.4%; with 79%
of the males and 61% of
females literate. 16% of the
population is under 6 years
of age.
Languages spoken
The main languages spoken
in Aligarh are Hindi, English
and Urdu. This is because
the state Uttar Pradesh is a
core of Hindi-Heartland.
The most spoken dialect of
Hindi in Aligarh is
Hindustani. Hindi is used
more in the administrative
fields.
Another popular language
spoken in Aligarh is Brij
Bhasha. This is the dialect
that is spoken mainly by the
rural population in Braj.
Industry
Aligarh City is famous as an
industrial city. It is also
known as Taala Nagari
(Locks City of India). The
second Largest Lock
Manufacturer of Locks in
India Link Locks is based in
the City. An approximation
puts the total number of
industries at 25,000 which
constitute of both Small
scale & Large Scale
Industries. Aligarh is having
a boom in the construction
business at this point of
time, many new multi level
buildings, shopping
complexes and apartments
have come up. Many malls
are recently being
constructed by major
developers from Delhi &
Aligarh. Malls in the city
include Great Shopping Mall
at Ramghat Road, Many
more are under construction
like The Landmark Mall at
Marris Road, Sharda Mall at
Center Point, Ozone Mall at
Ring Road, Great Value Mall
at Ramghat Road.
There are many popular
showrooms of several
internationally known
clothing and sports brands
in Aligarh. Uttar Pradesh
State Industrial
Development Corporation
(UPSIDC) has developed
Taala Nagri Industrial Area
at Ramghat Road.
There are three Industrial
Areas like Industrial Estate,
Pala Road and Taala Nagari.
Ahlampur Industrial Area
has been proposed by
UPSIDC at Delhi G.T Road.
Dakshinanchal Vidyut Vitran
Nigam Ltd. provides
unrestricted power at Taala
Nagari.
Aligarh is amongst the
largest manufacturers and
suppliers of locks and
hardware goods in India
and is also one of the
largest manufacturers of
brass fittings. It also a
manufacturer of plastic and
iron toy pistols, handcuffs,
belts, badges for schools and
government supply. It also
has an artware and sculpture
products Industry. It
supplies products all over
the world. Brass market of
Aligarh is one of the largest
in India, which employs
thousands of skilled
laborers. About 100 tonnes
of brass and 50 tonnes of
zinc is processed daily. Iron,
aluminum, bronze, and zinc
products are also
manufactured in the city.
Aligarh is also a bulk
producer of zinc die cast
parts by hot chamber die
casting process. These
products are consumed in
low end domestic market.
Consumption of Zinc alloy
in Aligarh is more than the
consumption of zinc alloy in
rest of India. Made in
Aligarh Zinc die cast parts
can get broken after 2 to 4
years as Aligarh uses
recycled zinc alloy, which
contains lot of impurities,
specially lead.
Aligarh also has automobile
parts industries which supply
their products in India and
abroad. It has four fruit
ripening plants which
ripens/preserves fruits, dry
fruits and vegetables.
Economics
The city is an agricultural
trade centre.[8] The
processing of agricultural
products and manufacturing
are also important.[9]
Aligarh has always been an
important business centre of
Uttar Pradesh which is most
famous for its locks industry.
The locks that are produced
in Aligarh are exported to
different parts of the world.
In 1870, Johnson & Co. was
the first English locks firm to
be set up in Aligarh. In
1890, Johnson & Co.
initiated the manual
production of locks on a
small scale here.[10]